- Warhammer 40k Font
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Most of the math and statistics we’ll apply to Warhammer 40k will revolve around dice, since that’s the primary font of randomness in the game. So here’s pretty much everything you need to know about calculating probabilities around dice in 40k: Calculating a Weapon’s Output. Warhammer 40k Font Imagine Dragons Album Rar Download Backuptrans Register Key Wood Hatch Cad Lava Kkt All Flash File Circle Y Breast Collars Gakkyu-oh Yamazaki Torrent How To Save Ocr Text In Database Ram Leela Full Movie English Subtitles Download. An all-uppercase font which I created for an author of Roleplaying Game modules, especially Warhammer 40K. Supports Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German. It's used as the header font in most of the Warhammer 40K and Fantasy rulebooks. I've been wanting to get ahold of it for ages. If anyone can point out where I can find it, it would be greatly appreciated.
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| Mailing Lists and Newsgroups |
| Other Internet Resources |
WEBPAGES
| The Official 40K Website | Maintained by Games Workshop U.S. Not a lot of information, but there is a news page and a variety of photos. |
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| Part of the Gates of Fenris website. This Q&A page is officially recognized by the designers at Games Workshop. | |
| Charles Laine's 40K Registry | This is the unofficial central registry for all of the personal 40K webpages out there. I'm supporting his campaign to make his webpage the coordinating center for all 40K links. To add your page to his list, send email to Charles at Charles_Laine@baylor.edu. |
| Our Local 40K Webpages | A variety of articles and resources right here at |
Our Local 40K Web Pages
| What is Warhammer 40,000 about? | An essay by Games Workshop U.S. netrep Tim Huckelbery. |
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| Styles of Play | Our discussion about the 'right way' to play the game... |
| Tactics | How to win consistently. |
| Differences Between First and Second Edition | How 40K has changed in different editions. |
| Fiction Contest | The winning entry from this month's fiction contest. |
| Figure Conversions | Ideas for bashing together your own 40K miniatures. |
| Battle Reports | A rotating collection of battle reports. |
| Rules Clarifications | Our unofficial collection of rules wisdom. However, please visit the Q&A site mentioned above for a more comprehensive list of rules questions. |
| Building An Army | Ideas on how to start acquiring figures. |
| Waagh! | The editor puts together his first Ork army. |
| The Index to White Dwarf Articles | Check our Periodicals section for information about the online White Dwarf article index. |
| Science Fiction and Fantasy Magazines Webpage | Several magazines devote themselves solely or partially to 40K. For more information, visit this webpage. |
MAILING LISTS AND NEWSGROUPS
For those with access to the Usenet news groups, you can find messages about 40K in rec.games.miniatures.warhammerThere are also two40K mailing lists, one at SWCP and another at IGCOM. Both lists are high traffic and fairly civil (the editor notices little difference between them).
SWCP was created by Alan Hoch (AlanH@sjhs.org), and is 'GW positive.' There is an associated webpage.
To subscribe to the SWCP 40K mailing list, send 'subscribe' in the body of the message to 'war40k-l-request@swcp.com.' To unsubscribe, send 'unsubscribe' to the same address.
To subscribe to the IGCOM list, send a message with subject 'subscribe' to '40k-list-request@igcom.net.' To unsubscribe from this list, send a message with subject 'unsubscribe' to the same address.
OTHER INTERNET RESOURCES
Send rules questions to roolzboyz@games-workshop.com. Send all other mail to custserv@games-workshop.com. The official 40K netrep (online representative) is Tim Huckelbery (tyranid@aol.com).
Type in column A the amount needed. Add the armour, weapons, wargear in columns I,M,Q. Add the amount in columns J,N,R. Put the cost in columns K,O, S. FOR MULTIPLE BATTLES OR BATTALIONS, type over the totals in columns V ( W, X,then Y) , and space bar any blanks. THEN type the amounts wanted in column B(J,N, &R), and the totals will go in column W. This can be used for 5 batallions, or 5 battles with reinforcements after each battle. Simply 'space' the dead, write the letters, and get on with life. If you put the army total on line F2 the program will show you Total spent (F3), Characters(F4), mobs (F34) & support (F48) totals throughout the program. Mobs section will also show you (G34) how close you are to the magic 25%. Vehicles section will show (G48) you how much more you have to spend. We recently played a 5 battle war where we were allowed to reinforce with 1000 points after each battle. The losers would get more cover, or some other advantage, so the game waged back and forth. I set this spreadsheet up to track who survived, and to see my reinforcements kept the 25% mob ratio, and to track the war. |
Patrick Marstall (marstall@aol.com) tells me that a set of 40k icons are available for downloading as fonts:
The 40K Fonts v2.0 are now available. There are four versions, two big ones (~150K) and two small ones (~20K). The small files are the first (generic) versions that I put out earlier. These are two versions of the same font -- a PC (zipped) and a Mac version (stuffed). The font itself is a collection of icons from 40K, such as the Blood Angel symbol, the symbols for the various craftworlds, Chaos symbols, the glyphs for the various Chaos Marine chapters, etc. One of the larger files is the PC True Type fonts, zipped with PKZip. The other is the Mac True Type fonts, stuffed with Stuffit Deluxe. Each of the larger files contains several seperate True Type fonts:
There is also an attached 'readme' file with a more complete index of what's in what font. |
The fonts are at kewlaid.highfiber.com, in the /pub/rpg/games/miniatures/WH40k/ directory:
- Font.zip (small PC version)
- Font.sit (small Mac version)
- Icons.zip (large PC version)
- Icons.sit (large Mac version)
| Last Updates | |
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| 24 May 1997 | added Ork Army spreadsheets |
| 3 December 1996 | FTP archive moved |
| 28 November 1996 | more mailing list info |
| 16 November 1996 | page split off |
| Comments or corrections? | |
For many 40k gamers, painting minis and buying books is only the beginning. At some point, they’re bound to start thinking about how they can start improving their play to win more of their games. While there’s no substitute for practice, there are a number of things players can learn to improve their play and army-building skills, which we’ll be covering in our series of articles. In this article, I’ll go over the basics of probability, and how understanding basic probability and statistics can help better predict outcomes and evaluate units in 40k, leading to smarter tactical decisions and better outcomes. And while I know that for some, the thought of digging into a bunch of math brings back unpleasant memories, I’ll try to distill this down to just the most important aspects and make it clear how you can apply all of this to your games (and the rest of your life, really!)
Basic Statistics
One of my favorite parts of Warhammer 40k is how it allows you to finally put to use some of those parts of your grade school education you thought you’d never use “in the real world.” In this case, math. Well, more accurately statistics and probability. Properly assessing units, wargear, strategies, and board states is key to improving your game in 40k and doing so well often requires a basic understanding of statistics, or at least the common probabilities involved in the game.
Before we can properly dig in to probabilities in Warhammer 40k, we need to go over a few common statistics terms that we’ll be using and are important in statistics.
- The Probability of an event is the measure of the likelihood that the event will occur. Most of the time we talk about dice math, the probability of an outcome is equal to the number of ways it can happen divided by the number of possible outcomes. So the probability of rolling a 6 on a D6 is 1 (you can only roll a 6 one way) divided by 6 (there are 6 possible results), so the probability is ⅙, or about 16.7%.
- The Complement Rule for probability states that the likelihood of an event happening is the same as the opposite event not happening, i.e. the chance of getting a hit is the same as the chance of NOT missing. In math terms, this means the probability of an event is also equal to 1 – the probability of it not happening. So going back to our last example, the probability of rolling a 6 on a D6 is the same as the probability of not rolling a 1 to 5 on a D6. This seems trivial, but we’ll use this a lot in subtle ways.
- Independent Events in statistics are events where the probability of one occurring in no way affects the probability of the other occurring. When events are independent, the chances of both happening is just the product of the likelihood of each. So any given die roll doesn’t affect the next die roll (the die doesn’t know what just happened), so the chances of rolling two fours in a row is equal to (⅙) * (⅙), or (1/36). Note that this is not the same as the chances of rolling an 8 on 2D6, which can happen several other ways.*
*NOTE: All dice rolls are independent events! Your chances of rolling a result on a die are the same every time, no matter what you just rolled or how many 1s or 6s you rolled previously. You are never “due” for a break — this is called “The Gambler’s Fallacy” - The Expected Value for some process is basically what we’d expect the average outcome of that process to be in the long term. You can get the expected value for a process by summing all the possible values and multiplying each by the likelihood that it will occur. So the expected value of a roll of a D6 is (1 * ⅙) + (2 * ⅙) + (3 * ⅙) + (4*⅙) + (5 * ⅙) + (6 * ⅙) = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)/6 = 3.5. The expected value of a roll of a D3 is 2, and the expected value of a roll of 2D3 is 4 (just add the two together).
- Variance is a measure of how far results of an event can vary from their average or expected value. For our purposes, we’ll use variance to describe how broad or spread out the possible outcomes of an event are. So going back to our expected value example above, while the expected value of a single roll of a D6 is 3.5, results can go from 1 to 6, meaning that on an individual roll, we can get all kinds of outcomes. Because of this, it can often be preferable to have a flat value of 3 for damage over a D6, even though the expected value is lower – being able to predict the result can make planning much easier. A lot of the work we’ll do building armies and using stratagems will be with the goal of reducing variance.
We’ll use these concepts over and over in 40k as we use them to evaluate units and wargear and to determine the likelihood of success for some actions. One of the most common ways we’ll use statistics to do this is to calculate the damage output of a weapon based on its likelihood of wounding a target. The way you’ll see this expressed most often is as the weapon’s ability to hurt MEqs, or Marine-Equivalent targets, i.e. Toughness 4, 3+ armor save targets.
Pictured: Me rolling anything important in a game against Campbell
Dice Math
Most of the math and statistics we’ll apply to Warhammer 40k will revolve around dice, since that’s the primary font of randomness in the game. So here’s pretty much everything you need to know about calculating probabilities around dice in 40k:
Calculating a Weapon’s Output
Generally, we can calculate a weapon’s Wound output by calculating the chance that the weapon will hit, then score a wound, then go unsaved. Taken together, this looks like:
Wound probability = (hit probability) * (wound probability) * (1 – save probability)
Then, because we may have multiple shots and do multiple points of damage per shot, we want to add those in as well.
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Wound output = shots * (hit probability) * (wound probability) * (1 – save probability) * damage
If we have a weapon with variable shots or damage, we can use expected value to substitute for those values, so we can use 2 for D3 and 3.5 for D6.
While this isn’t perfect — it doesn’t take into account factors like range for example, but it does let us do easy comparisons for weapons when we control for other factors. If say, we wanted to figure out how much damage a rapid-firing group of intercessors might do to a knight, we can do that:
5 intercessors = 10 total shots, S4 AP-1 D1
With a 3+ BS, we have a ⅔ chance to hit – there are 4 results on a D6 that will give us a hit result (3, 4, 5, and 6), which would be 4/6 and that reduces to ⅔. And at S4 vs. T8, we’ve got a ⅙ chance to Wound. At AP-1, the knight’s save is 4+, so there are 3 results that will give him a save, giving us a 3/6 or ½ chance to deal a wound.
Ok so with all of that, our math becomes:
Wound output = 10 * (⅔) * (⅙) * (½) = 10 * (1/18) = 0.56
So your intercessors rapid-firing at the knight will, on average, do about half a wound. While you might not have needed this math to tell you that shooting bolters at a knight was a bad idea, what you can use it for is to figure out how much damage you *will* need to put out to take out a specific target. On the flip-side, each lascannon you fire at the same knight has an expected value of about one wound, indicating that you’ll need to fire a lot of them to take one down. It should also serve as a sobering look at just how much you’d have to devote to drop one of the bastards.
Changing the Odds
As we start to look at abilities that improve or decrease our chances of success, we need to think about how probabilities work. Generally speaking, if we’re combining events with the word “and”, like the chances of getting a hit and a wound, we multiply the likelihood of each event occurring. If we’re talking about combining events with “or,” like when we’re talking about re-rolls (the odds of getting a hit on the first roll or the second), we add the likelihood of each event occurring.
Re-Roll Math
This gets a little bit trickier if you’re doing Re-roll math. In those cases, you have to figure out the chance of failure. Generally, the formula looks like:
Probability of an event with re-rolling failure = (chance of success) + (chance of failure) * (chance of success on re-roll)
So if you had a 3+ to hit and you could re-roll misses, your chances of hitting are:
(⅔) + (⅓)*(⅔) = (⅔) + (2/9) = (6/9) + (2/9) = 8/9, or about 89%.
If you’re one step ahead of the game, you might have noticed that getting +1 to hit with BS 3+ changes your odds to (⅚), or about 83%. As it turns out, for BS 3+, 4+, or 5+, re-rolls are better than getting a +1. Likewise, because re-rolling 1s improves your likelihood by less than (⅙), getting a +1 is better than re-rolling 1s for BS 3+, 4+, and 5+.
The exceptions here are for BS 2+, where re-rolling 1s is better than getting a +1 (because 1s always fail and most of the time you won’t have a -1 to hit), and for BS 6+, where +1 is better than a re-roll because re-rolls increase your chances of success by less than (⅙).
Charging
The other universal process in 40k that relies on variance is declaring charges. And because there are a number of abilities that allow units to arrive on the battlefield anywhere that is more than 9” away from an enemy unit, we’re particularly interested in the likelihood of successfully charging an enemy unit when they’re 9” away or more.
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The first thing you have to know about charge math is that, unlike with a single D6, the outcomes of 2D6 are not equally distributed. That is, there are more ways to get 7 than there are to get 12. As a result, you’re significantly more likely to roll 7 on 2D6 than 6 or 8, and even less likely to roll 9+ or under 5. This means that the chances of rolling 9+ on 2D6 (or hitting your required charge distance after teleporting in) is about 28%.
In order to visualize this, and to put more charts into an otherwise text-heavy post on statistics, I’ve put together this handy chart showing charge probabilities by distance.
Warhammer 40k Frontline
Going back to that 9” charge distance, let’s take a look at how different modifiers affect your chances of pulling off a charge of 9” or more:
| Modifier | Chance of Success |
| No modifiers | 28% |
| CP Reroll (1 die) | 52% |
| Full reroll on fail (all dice) | 48% |
| Full reroll on fail or CP Reroll | 58% |
| Roll 3D6 | 74% |
Applying This in Games
So now that we’ve gone through all this math, the question becomes: How do you use this? The good news is, you don’t have to sit down and write out a bunch of math to immediately apply these concepts. Here are a few ways you can think about statistics in 40k that will improve your planning and in-game outcomes:
- Use the Expected Value of an Action to determine if it’s worth doing
Once you’ve got Expected Value down conceptually, you can start thinking in terms of the outputs you can expect from a given action you’ll take. What I mean by this is, if I’ve got 10 marines about to shoot at something and my options are between Meganobz and boyz, I can do some quick thinking to figure out how valuable it’ll be to shoot at each target. In this case say my marines are more than 12″ away and moved. I can generally assume that of my 10 shots, about 6-7 will hit. Orks are Toughness 4, so of my 6-7 half, half will wound, so 3-4. Then the Ork boyz get a 6+ save so I can expect most or all of those to be kills, while I should expect to do 0 wounds to the Meganobz, maybe 1 if my opponent rolls poorly. This is an extreme example, but it’s how I might quickly think about which targets to choose based on the Expected Value of a volley of shooting. - Know what Charge distances are actually “make-able”
We already talked about charge distances above, the single most important area of statistical application in 40k. Go back to that table. See how hard it is to make a 9″ charge without re-rolls? That’s no accident. Even with re-rolls, your chances of making that charge are a bit better than a coinflip, so if your entire gameplan rests on making a single 9″ charge, well, you should expect to lose a lot of games. Understanding this should also help you understand that you need to over-commit to reducing charge distance. The better you understand the risks you’re taking and what the long-shots are, the better you’ll be able to understand why relying on those is a bad idea. Having a re-roll for your charge distance might seem like it makes your charge a sure thing, but it still leaves you missing more than half the time. - Reduce Variance wherever/whenever you can
A big part of your list-building and in-game strategy should be reducing variance. Re-rolls and modifiers are all about increasing the likelihood of your outcome and reducing the boom-or-bust nature of some actions. While you can’t completely remove variance, you want to reduce it as much as possible, so you’ll know what outcomes to expect and how to plan around them if they don’t go to plan. A lot of bad plans depend on high-risk, high-reward outcomes. As a corollary, avoid things that increase your variance, such as negative modifiers to hit, unless their upside is substantial enough to outweigh the risk. - Save your CP re-rolls for high-upside situations
There are a lot of outcomes in 40k that aren’t that big a deal. You only get one re-roll per phase with your Command Point re-rolls and while it will be tempting to use them all the time, you really want to save them for big opportunities. Think multi-meltas and lascannons, not bolters. Both in terms of re-rolling hits/wounds/damage and in terms of rolling saves. yeah failing a 2+ save on an AP 0 gun sucks. But unless taking that wound will cost you big time, save your re-rolls for bigger stuff. Another way to think about this is to consider the upside to your re-roll. Will a successful re-roll meaningfully improve your chances of winning the game, or significantly reduce your chances of losing? If not, don’t waste your time. - Use your CP re-rolls high probability events, not longshots
You’re going to have many opportunities to re-roll dice over the course of a game. When you’re picking where you want to do this, pick the moments where your re-roll has a higher chance to succeed. Don’t waste CP re-rolling things that give you a 5+ or worse unless it will literally decide the game (see ‘high-upside situations,’ above). A corollary to this is if you’re rolling for something like number of shots, you want to re-roll if you get a result of 1 or 2, and sometimes 3, but not if you get a 4 or more as your chances of getting a higher result diminish with a higher original result. - Generally speaking, Re-rolling Shots > Re-rolling Wounds > Re-rolling Damage
More shots means more wounds means more damage. If you’re choosing where to do your re-rolls, getting more shots will create more wounds which will generate more damage, so the earlier in the chain you generate additional value, the more value you’ll generate further down the chain. There are some exceptions — you want to re-roll higher-variance dice generally, but if you’re shooting something like a battle cannon, re-rolling dice on the number of shots is better than re-rolling to wound or on the D3 damage rolls.
Go Forth, and Crush Your Enemies
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You’ve now got all the tools you need to properly evaluate wargear, gauge strategies, and predict outcomes in 40k. If you don’t get all this in your first go, don’t worry so much – mastering this stuff takes a long time and while we’ve provided some guidelines, none of these are ironclad “rules” to follow. In-game, there will be lots of nuance and mitigating circumstances, but if you approach the game with this mindset, you’ll be better prepared to understand which circumstances matter, which don’t, and how you should respond.